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A Turkish appellate court on Wednesday upheld the conviction of a leading critic of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan whose jailing has added to tensions in Ankara's uneasy ties with the West.

Paris-born activist and philanthropist Osman Kavala was sentenced to life in jail without the possibility of parole in April on the charge of trying to topple the government by financing street protests in 2013.

Seven others were jailed for 18 years each for aiding the attempt to overthrow the government of then-Prime Minister Erdogan during the so-called Gezi Park rallies in Istanbul.

The Anadolu state news agency said the appellate court ruled that the April verdict "complied with the law".

The defence can still appeal the case in Turkey's Supreme Court.

Kavala's years-long trial has been gnawing on NATO member Turkey's strategic but tempestuous ties with its main Western allies since his unexpected arrest in October 2017.

Kavala was then best known as a soft-spoken businessman who was spending part of his wealth to promote culture and projects aimed at reconciling Turkey and its arch-nemesis Armenia.

But Erdogan portrayed him as a leftist agent of the Hungarian-born US billionaire George Soros who was using foreign money to try and overthrow the state.

Kavala was first charged with funding the wave of 2013 protests that some analysts view as the genesis of Erdogan's more authoritarian posture in the latter half of his two-decade rule.

Turkey has so far dismissed a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights to release activist Osman Kavala, said Europe's top court.

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A court acquitted and released him in February 2020 – only for the police to arrest him before he had a chance to return home to his wife.

Another court then accused him of being involved in a failed 2016 coup attempt against Erdogan in which more than 250 died in Istanbul and Ankara.

Kavala ultimately ended up facing both sets of charges.

The court ultimately convicted him of the same set of charges of which he had been cleared in 2020.

The United States said it was "deeply troubled" by the ruling while Germany demanded his immediate release.

Turkey has already ignored a European Court of Human Rights ruling demanding Kavala's release.