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People around the world heldvigils, ceremonies and protests to mark the first anniversary of the Hamas-led attack on Israel and the start of the war in Gaza, as the Israeli offensive raged on in the enclave on Monday.

The Palestinian factions and Israeli counter-attack led to the deaths of some 1,200 people with about 250 hostages taken to Gaza during the 7 October attacks.

Nearly 42,000 people have been killed in Gaza, according to Palestinian health authorities, and most of the 2.3-million-strong population displaced.

Pro-Palestinian demonstrations were held in cities from Jakarta to Istanbul to Buenos Aires on Sunday, following protests on Saturday in European capitals as well as Washington and New York.

Israel

Ceremonies and protests in Israel began at about 6:29 am, the time when Hamas-led fighters launched rockets into Israel at the start of the 7 October attack last year.

"We remember our fallen, our hostages that we are obliged to return," Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said while lighting candles at Jerusalem's Swords of Iron memorial.

Outside his home, around 300 people led by families of hostages holding up photos of their loved ones observed a minute of silence for the dead as a siren sounded.

At the site of the Nova music festival, where hundreds of partygoers and staff were killed and scores of others taken hostage, President Isaac Herzog joined grieving families and friends.

Mourners listened to the last track that was played before it was stopped abruptly, just as it did a year ago at sunrise.

"This is where she was. This is where she was happy in the last of her moments," said Anat Regev, the aunt of one of the festival-goers killed in the attack.

Families gathered in the ruins of Kibbutz Be'eri that was attacked on that day. "I see my brother's house around the corner, and I'm still there, on that bloody day," said Kobi Ben Ami, whose brother is still being held.

In Tel Aviv, people stood still while others blew the Shofar - a ram's horn used in Jewish religious ceremonies - to mark the anniversary.

Gaza

No formal events were planned in Gaza on Monday. Israeli forces mounted air and ground offensives in several areas, saying they were attacking Hamas operatives and command centres.

Hamas' armed wing fired a missile salvo at Tel Aviv, the group said in a statement, with the Israeli military saying sirens were sounded in central Israel.

In a speech to mark the anniversary, Khaled Meshaal, who leads the group's political office in exile in Qatar, urged Arab and Muslim countries to launch "new fronts of resistance" against Israel.

Palestinians in Gaza told news agency Reuters they yearned to go back to their normal lives before the war.

"Before 7 October, one had dreams. As a father, I have six children, my biggest burden was how to provide them with homes and get them married. But after 7 October, this came to nothing. After 58 years of work for me, same as my father - all of it has gone to dust and rocks," Abu Hassan Shaheen said.

United States

US President Joe Biden condemned the "unspeakable brutality" of the 7 October attack, paid tribute to the people including American citizens killed and kidnapped, and said he remained committed to Israel's right to defend itself a year on.

He added in a statement: "I believe that history will also remember October 7th as a dark day for the Palestinian people because of the conflict that Hamas unleashed that day ... We will not stop working to achieve a ceasefire deal in Gaza."

US Vice President Kamala Harris said: "We all must ensure nothing like the horrors of October 7 ever happen again. I will do everything in my power to ensure that the threat Hamas poses is eliminated."

She added: "I am heartbroken over the scale of death and destruction in Gaza over the past year - tens of thousands of lives lost, children fleeing for safety over and over again, mothers and fathers struggling to obtain food, water, and medicine."

Turkey

President Recep Tayyip Erdogan focussed on the plight of the Palestinians.

"What is dying in Gaza, Palestine, and nowadays in Lebanon is not just women, children, babies, innocent civilians; it is humanity (and) the international system that is expected to serve humanity," he wrote on X.

Australia

At Sydney's Bondi Beach, people holding Israeli and Australian flags listened in silence to a reading of the names of the hostages still held by Hamas.

UK

Prime Minister Keir Starmer said in a statement: "One year on from these horrific attacks we must unequivocally stand with the Jewish community and unite as a country." He was criticised for mentioning the Palestinian and other dead.

France

"France loves you," French Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot told mourners at the Nova festival site. President Emmanuel Macron said on X: "The pain remains, as vivid as it was a year ago. The pain of the Israeli people. Ours. The pain of wounded humanity."

Thailand

In a church in northeastern Thailand, the Sriaoun family gathered on Sunday to pray for the safe return of their oldest son, Watchara Sriaoun, 32, one of six Thais believed to be held captive by Hamas since the war began.