What are we to make of the ? Diplomacy has gained momentum among bitter foes; cracks have appeared among close friends.
Regional powers like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Egypt are recalibrating their foreign policies and restoring relations with estranged neighbours. The have renewed their regional rivalry, and China has entered as a new competitor.
These shifting geopolitics could make the . But they also could defuse regional rivalries, by bringing together countries that historically loath one another. Much will depend on the main factors behind the new realignments: , China’s rise, and the Covid-19 pandemic’s adverse impact on already weak regional economies.
US President Joe Biden has made it clear that the . Whereas former President Donald Trump built an anti-Iran coalition led by Saudi Arabia and Israel, Biden has sought to distance himself from Saudi Arabia, not least by ending US support for the war in Yemen. His administration has , from which Trump withdrew the US in 2018, and it has kept Turkey and Egypt (two of Trump’s favourites) at arm’s length.
With the complete , Biden has made it clear that the US is disengaging from the region’s cold wars as it pivots to Asia and China. Across the Middle East, there is a widespread belief that America is no longer a real partner.
Moreover, while America pulls back, China is increasingly making its presence known in the region. In March, it concluded a major with Iran, promising $400 billion of investment over the next 25 years in exchange for steady shipments of oil and gas. On a tour through Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Oman the same month, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi his country’s commitment to the region’s security and stability. In an obvious dig at the US, he said that China will oppose foreign interventions and in resolving persistent conflicts in the region.
Wang also dangled the prospect of a Chinese free-trade agreement that would bring tens of billions of dollars in investment opportunities, by linking with local development projects. This kind of economic sweetener resonates widely in the Middle East, where youth unemployment rates, poverty levels, and other economic indicators were dismal long before the pandemic. Over the past 18 months, Covid-19 .
Under these conditions, it is little wonder that regional dialogue and diplomacy are making a comeback. Most local rulers understand that regime security depends more on satisfying the needs of the population than on sectarian incitement and hatred of the “other.” Hence, last April, Saudi Arabia and Iran held to discuss how to end the conflict in Yemen, where a Saudi-led coalition has been fighting a war against Iran-backed Houthi rebels since March 2015.
Saudi Arabia has also reconciled with Qatar (which maintains friendly relations with Iran), after having severed all links with its neighbour in June 2017. In a powerful gesture of rapprochement last April, Saudi Arabia’s King Salman formally Qatar’s emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, to visit his country.
As a further sign of the broader political reshuffling, the Saudis have also normalized relations with Iraq (an Iranian ally), thus ending three decades of mutual estrangement and hostility. And after years of conflict with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad (another close Iranian partner), Saudi officials recently held with their Syrian counterparts in Damascus, leading to reports that an agreement on diplomatic normalization may be forthcoming.
Iran, too, may be on the verge of improving ties with its neighbours, particularly the UAE. Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif reportedly soon, after having returned from a diplomatic charm tour through Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, and Oman in April.
But most important is the possibility of an Iranian-Saudi rapprochement. Although Iran’s moderate president, Hassan Rouhani, is on his way out, the hardliner who will replace him, Ebrahim Raisi, says he sees “” to establishing diplomatic relations with the Kingdom. A restoration of ties would curtail the civil strife and proxy wars in Syria and Yemen – – and also might bring stability to politically and religiously divided countries like Iraq and Lebanon.
Finally, like Saudi Arabia and Iran, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has gone on a to mend his country’s strained ties in the region, particularly vis-à -vis Egypt and Saudi Arabia. After almost coming to violent blows over Libya last year, Turkey now wants to improve economic relations with Egypt and other regional and global powers.
These recent regional realignments can be explained by . America’s retrenchment has forced regional powers to attend to their own security by mending fences. Regional leaders increasingly recognize that there is nothing to gain from pouring gasoline on a raging fire, as Trump did. Through international diplomacy led by America, Europe, China, Russia, and Japan, the Middle East can continue on its current path of de-escalation.
Could the international community broker an agreement for a new inclusive security architecture and nuclear weapons-free Middle East, or at least support and encourage the regional dialogue and conflict management that is emerging there? It is no longer wishful thinking to imagine so. Endless conflict may mark the Middle East’s past; but it is not the region’s settled destiny.
Fawaz A. Gerges, Professor of International Relations and Middle Eastern politics at the London School of Economics, is the author of the forthcoming book The Hundred Years’ War for Control of the Middle East: From Sykes-Picot to the Deal of the Century (Princeton University Press, 2021).
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