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The high-level arrests come in the midst of government repression of against increasingly authoritarian restrictions in Jordan. In his video, Prince Hamzah stated that "Jordanians have lost hope" as a result of corruption and misrule. Although Hamzah did not mention his half-brother the king, he recorded the video in front of an image of their father, the late and revered King Hussein, whom Hamzah resembles.

Prince Hamzah is popular in Jordan, especially for his close ties to East bank Jordanian tribes as well as his command of Arabic, in contrast to King Abdullah, who is seen by some as too close to Palestinian interests due in part to the Palestinian heritage of his wife, Queen Rania, as well as his initially less-than-fluent command of Arabic.

None of the Gulf monarchs are interested in undermining the authority of one of their own

The narrative put forward by the Jordanian government is that Prince Hamzah was involved with "foreign agents" in an attempted coup. In particular, Roy Shaposhnik, an Israeli friend of the prince who offered to host his wife and children, has been described by Jordanian security as a "former Mossad agent," which Shaposhnik denies.

Other rumours about foreign connections remain : possible ties to the UAE appear unlikely, as none of the Gulf monarchs are interested in undermining the authority of one of their own.

The King may have hoped to keep his half-brother quiet as the palace sought to placate Jordanians by shifting blame for the country's problems on to a handful of elites. Bassem Awadallah, a former confidant of King Abdullah II and later an advisor to Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, is often a : unpopular decisions can be blamed on him rather than on Abdullah himself.

During the Arab Spring uprising of 2011, protestors chanted for his removal from government. The Jordanian regime may have hoped that by arresting him, along with Sharif Hassan bin Zaid, a member of the royal family who also served as envoy to Saudi Arabia, frustrated Jordanians would feel temporarily appeased.

In addition to their arrest, key figures of the Majali tribe were arrested, a powerful family that has with Abdullah's rule.

Given the close ties between Prince Hamzah and those arrested, security services may have tried to contain the former crown prince by placing him under house arrest as a precaution. Yet rather than quietly accept, Prince Hamzah released the video while he still could, thereby escalating the situation, and forcing the Jordanian government to allege a coup attempt.

At present, no clear evidence of an actual coup attempt has emerged. The incident therefore resembles the alleged coup attempt against President Erdogan in Turkey in the summer of 2016. It remains unclear what precisely occurred, yet Erdogan used the alleged coup attempt to and consolidate his power.

King Abdullah, feeling threatened by ongoing protests, high unemployment, high Covid cases, and dismal economic prospects, may decide that the alleged coup attempt offers a useful excuse to clamp down on any criticism of his rule.

Prince Hamzah's threat to King Abdullah's authority is tied not only to his popularity, but to the fact that their father King Hussein, intended for Prince Hamzah to serve as Abdullah's successor. Hamzah has long expressed support for a more democratic system in Jordan, as well as more authority to powerful tribes who ruled Jordan before the Hashemite regime was instated by the British in 1921.

Ironically, upon his coronation, King Abdullah II was also seen as a proponent of democratic reforms, yet in the intervening two decades of his rule, he has consolidated power in himself, and designated his son Hussein as crown prince in 2009 when the prince turned 15.

At present, no clear evidence of an actual coup attempt has emerged

The US, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE all for Abdullah in response to the alleged coup narrative. The US and the other Arab monarchs see the ongoing rule of their regimes as necessary for regional stability.

Despite pushing for greater democratic reforms after 9/11, the US has largely refrained from advocating too strenuously for democratisation among its Arab security partners. Instead, despite President Biden's stated commitment to supporting democracy and human rights, the US shows its robust support for authoritarian governments in the Middle East.

Countries like Jordan and Egypt, that once appeared to be moving towards greater freedom for their people, are now simply additional data points in a .


Annelle Sheline is a Research Fellow at the Quincy Institute. Her research focuses on religious authority in the Middle East, specifically the intersection of religious and national identities in the Arab monarchies

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