The Supercup is an Italian competition between the league champions and Cup winners, held before the start of the official season.
This is the second time the final will be held in Doha after the 2014 final at the Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium when Napoli beat Juventus on penalties. The competition has also been hosted in China in four of the previous six years.
Serie A president Maurizio Beretta said: "We're proud that (2022 World Cup hosts) Qatar has shown such an interest in hosting the SuperCup.
"Qatar has shown it has the capacity, passion and hospitality to host one of the top games in Italian football in the best way possible."
Sheikh Hamad bin Khalida Al Thani, president of the Qatar Football Association, said: "We're delighted to host Juventus and Milan, two of the most famous Italian football clubs, and to see them challenge for the SuperCup in front of thousands of fans who will come from all over the world."
Juventus beat Lazio 2-0 in December 2015 at Shanghai Stadium to win their 10th SuperCup trophy.